IOS Commands
Privileged Mode
enable - get to privileged mode
disable - get to user mode
enable password
enable secret
Setting Passwords
enable secret
enable password
Set password for console access:
(config)#line console 0
(config-line)#login
(config-line)#password
Set password for virtual terminal (telnet) access
(config)#line vty 0 4
(config-line)#login
(config-line)#password
Set password for auxiliary (modem) access:
(config)#line aux 0
(config-line)#login
(config-line)#password
Configuring the Router
sh running-config - details the running configuration file (RAM)
sh startup-config - displays the configuration stored in NVRAM
setup - Will start the the automatic setup; the same as when you first boot the router
config t - use to execute configuration commands from the terminal
config mem - executes configuration commands stored in NVRAM; copies startup-config to running-config
config net - used to retrieve configuration info from a TFTP server
copy running-config startup-config - copies saved config in running config (RAM) to NVRAM or "write memory" for IOS under ver.11
copy startup-config running-config - copies from non-volatile (NVRAM) to current running config (RAM)
boot system flash
boot system tftp - tells router which IOS file on the tftp server to boot from
boot system rom - tell router to boot from ROM at next boot
copy flash tftp - Copies flash to tftp server
copy tftp flash - Restores flash from tftp server
copy run tftp - Copies the current running-config to tftp server
copy tftp run - Restores the running-config from tftp server
General Commands
no shutdown - (enables the interface)
reload - restarts the router
sh ver - Cisco IOS version, uptime of router, how the router started, where system was loaded from, the interfaces the POST found, and the configuration register
sh clock - shows date and time on router
sh history - shows the history of your commands
sh debug - shows all debugging that is currently enabled
no debug all - turns off all debugging
sh users - shows users connected to router
sh protocols - shows which protocols are configured
banner motd # Your_message # - Set/change banner
hostname
clear counters - clear interface counters
Processes& Statistics
sh processes - shows active processes running on router
sh process cpu - shows cpu statistics
sh mem - shows memory statistics
sh flash - describes the flash memory and displays the size of files and the amount of free flash memory
sh buffers - displays statistics for router buffer pools; shows the size of the Small, Middle, Big, Very Big, Large and Huge Buffers
sh stacks - shows reason for last reboot, monitors the stack use of processes and interrupts routines
CDP Commands (Cisco Discovery Protocol uses layer 2 multicast over a SNAP-capable link to send data):
sh cdp neighbor - shows directly connected neighbors
sh cdp int - shows which interfaces are running CDP
sh cdp int eth 0/0 - show CDP info for specific interface
sh cdp entry
cdp timer 120 - change how often CDP info is sent (default cdp timer is 60)
cp holdtime 240 - how long to wait before removing a CDP neighbor (default CDP holdtime is 180)
sh cdp run - shows if CDP turned on
no cdp run - turns off CDP for entire router (global config)
no cdp enable - turns off CDP on specific interface
Miscellaneous Commands
sh controller t1 - shows status of T1 lines
sh controller serial 1 - use to determine if DCE or DTE device
(config-if)#clock rate 6400- set clock on DCE (bits per second)
(config-if)#bandwidth 64 - set bandwidth (kilobits)
IP Commands
Configure IP on an interface:
int serial 0
ip address 157.89.1.3 255.255.0.0
int eth 0
ip address 2008.1.1.4 255.255.255.0
Other IP Commands:
sh ip route - view ip routing table
ip route
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
ip classless - use with static routing to allow packets destined for unrecognized subnets to use the best possible route
sh arp - view arp cache; shows MAC address of connected routers
ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0 secondary - configure a 2nd ip address on an interface
sh ip protocol
IPX Commands
Enable IPX on router:
ipx routing
Configure IPX + IPX-RIP on an int:
int ser 0
ipx network 4A
Other Commands:
sh ipx route - shows IPX routing table
sh ipx int e0 - shows ipx address on int
sh ipx servers - shows SAP table
sh ipx traffic - view traffic statistics
debug ipx routing activity - debugs IPS RIP packets
debug ipx sap - debugs SAP packets
Routing Protocols
Configure RIP:
router rip
network 157.89.0.0
network 208.1.1.0
Other RIP Commands:
debug ip rip - view RIP debugging info
Configure IGRP:
router IGRP 200
network 157.89.0.0
network 208.1.1.0
Other IGRP Commands:
debug ip igrp events - view IGRP debugging info
debug ip igrp transactions - view IGRP debugging info
Access Lists(see notes below for details)
sh ip int ser 0 - use to view which IP access lists are applies to which int
sh ipx int ser 0 - use to view which IPX access lists are applies to which int
sh appletalk int ser 0 - use to view which AppleTalk access lists are applies to which int
View access lists:
sh access-lists
sh ip access-lists
sh ipx access-lists
sh appletalk access-lists
Apply standard IP access list to int eth 0:
access-list 1 deny 200.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
access-list 1 permit any
int eth 0
ip access-group 1 in
Apply Extended IP access list to int eth 0:
access-list 100 deny tcp host 1.1.1.1 host 2.2.2.2 eq 23
access-list 100 deny tcp 3.3.3.0 0.0.0.255 any eq 80
int eth 0
ip access-group 100 out
Apply Standard IPX access list to int eth 0:
access-list 800 deny 7a 8000
access-list 800 permit -1
int eth 0
ipx access-group 800 out
Apply Standard IPX access list to int eth 0:
access-list 900 deny sap any 3378 -1
access-list 900 permit sap any all -1
int eth 0
ipx access-group 900 out
Wan Configurations (see notes below for more details)
PPP Configuration
encapsulation ppp
ppp authentication
ppp chap hostname
ppp pap sent-username
sh int ser 0 -
Frame-Relay Configuration
encapsulation frame-relay ietf- use IETF when setting up a frame-relay network between a Cisco router and a non-Cisco router
frame-relay lmi-type ansi - LMI types are Cisco, ANSI, Q933A; Cisco is the default; LMI type is auto-sensed in IOS v11.2 and up
frame-relay map ip 3.3.3.3 100 broadcast - if inverse ARP won't work, map Other IP to Your DLCI # (local)
keepalive 10 - use to set keepalive
sh int ser 0 - use to show DLCI, LMI, and encapsulation info
sh frame-relay pvc - shows the configured DLCI's; shows PVC traffic stats
sh frame-relay map - shows route maps
sh frame-relay lmi - shows LMI info
Keyboard Shortcuts
CTRL-P - show previous command
CTRL-N - show next command
SHIFT-CTRL-6 - Break
Notes
Static and Dynamic Routing
Static Routing - manually assigned by the Admin user entering the routes (Routed Protocols - IP, IPX and AppleTalk)
Dynamic Routing - generated/determined by a Routing Protocol (Routing Protocols - RIP I, RIP II, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, NLSP, RTMP)
Dynamic
1) With Dynamic Routing, routers pass information between each other so that routing tables are regularly maintained.
2) The routers then determine the correct paths packets should take to reach their destinations.
3) Information is passed only between routers.
4) A routing domain is called an Autonomous System, as it is a portion of the Internetwork under common admin authority.
5) Consists of routers that share information over the same protocol. Can be split into routing areas.
Distance Vector and Link-State Routing
Routing Protocols
I) Interior (within an autonomous system - AS - group of routers under the same administrative authority)
a) Distance Vector - understands the direction and distance to any network connection on the internetwork. Knows how
many hops (the metric) to get there. All routers w/in the internetwork listen for messages from other routers, which are sent
every 30 to 90 seconds. They pass their entire routing tables. Uses hop count for measurement. 1) Used in smaller networks
that are have fewer than 100 routers. 2) Easy to configure and use. 3) As routers increase in number, you need to consider
CPU utilization, convergence time, and bandwidth utilization. 4) Convergence is due to routing updates at set intervals. 5) When
a router recognizes a change it updates the routing table and sends the whole table to all of its neighbors.
1) RIP - 15 hop count max
2) IGRP - 255 hop count max, uses reliability factor (255 optimal), and bandwidth
3) RTMP
b) Link State - understands the entire network, and does not use secondhand information. Routers exchange LSP?s (hello
packets). Each router builds a topographical view of the network, then uses SPF (shortest path first) algorithm to determine the
best route. Changes in topology can be sent out immediately, so convergence can be quicker. Uses Bandwidth, congestion for measurement; Dijkstra's algorithm;
1) Maintains Topology Database. 2) Routers have formal neighbor relationship. 3) Exchanges LSA (Link State Advertisement) or
hello packets with directly connected interfaces. 4) These are exchanged at short intervals (typically 10 sec). 5) Only new info is
exchanged. 6) Scales well, however link?state protocols are more complex. 7) Requires more processing power, memory, and bandwidth.
1) OSPF - decisions based on cost of route (metric limit of 65,535)
2) EIGRP - hybrid protocol (both Distance-Vector and Link State), Cisco proprietary
3) NLSP
4) IS-IS
II) Exterior
1) EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)
2) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
Routing Protocols used for each Routed Protocol
IP - RIP, IGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP
IPX - IPX RIP, NLSP, EIGRP
AppleTalk - RTMP, AURP, EIGRP
Problems with Routing Protocols
1) Routing Loops - occur when routing tables are not updated fast enough when one of the networks becomes unreachable. Due to the slow convergence (updates of routing table between all routers), some routers will end up with incorrect routing table and will broadcast that routing table to other routers. This incorrect routing tables will cause packets to travel repeatedly in circles.
2) Counting to infinity - occurs when packets end up in a routing loop; hop count increases with every pass through a router on the network
- Solutions to Problems with Routing Protocols
- 1) Define the maximum number of hops - When the number of hops reaches this predefined value, the distance is considered infinite, thus the network is considered unreachable. This does stop routing loops, but only limit the time that packet can travel inside the loop.
2) Split horizon - The packets can not be sent back to the same interface that they originally came from. During the updates, one router does not send updates to the router that it received the information from.
3) Route poisoning - The router sets the cost/distance of routes that are unreachable to infinity. Used with hold-down timers
4) Triggered updates - The router sends updates of the routing table as soon as it detects changes in the network. Does not wait for the prescribed time to expire. - 5) Hold-Downs - After the router detects unreachable network, the routers waits for a specified time before announcing that a network is unreachable. The router will also wait for a period of time before it updates its routing table after it detects that another router came online (Router keeps an entry for the network possibly down state, allowing time for other routers to re-compute for this topology change). Hold-downs can only partially prevent counting to infinity problem. Prevents routes from changing too rapidly in order to determine if a link has really failed, or is back up
Encapsulation Types
| Encapsulation | |
| 802.2 | sap |
| 802.3 | novell-ether |
| Ethernet II | arpa (Internet Standard) |
| Snap | snap |
Wan Service Providers
1) Customer premises equipment (CPE) - Devices physically located at subscriber?s location; examples: CSU/DSU, modem, wiring on the customer's location
2) Demarcation (or demarc) - The place where the CPE ends and the local loop portion of the service begins. (Usually in the "phone closet").
3) Local loop - Cabling from the demarc into the WAN service provider?s central office; wiring from customer's location to the nearest CO
4) Central Office switch (CO) - Switching facility that provides the nearest point of presence for the provider?s WAN service; location of telephone company's equipment where the phone line connects to the high speed line (trunk); Regional Telco Office where the local loop terminates (the Telco location nearest you)
5) Toll network - The switches and facilities, (trunks), inside the WAN provider?s "cloud."
DTE - the router side and receive clocking
DCE - the CSU/DSU side and provide clocking
WAN Devices
Routers - Offer both internetwork and WAN interface controls
ATM Switches - High-speed cell switching between both LANs and WANs
X.25 and Frame-Relay Switches - Connect private data over public circuits using digital signals
Modems - Connect private data over public telephone circuits using analog signals
CSU/DSU (Channel Service Units/Data Service Units) - Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) which is used to terminate a digital circuit at the customer site
Communication Servers - Dial in/out servers that allow dialing in from remote locations and attach to the LAN
Multiplexors - Device that allows more than one signal to be sent out simultaneously over one physical circuit
ISDN BRI (Basic Rate Interface) - 2 64K B channels, plus 1 16K D channel
ISDN PRI (Primary Rate Interface) - 23 64K B channels, plus 1 64K D channel (North America & Japan), 30 64K B channels, plus 1 64K D channel (Europe & Australia)
ISDN PRI (Primary Rate Interface) - 23 64K B channels, plus 1 64K D channel (North America & Japan), 30 64K B channels, plus 1 64K D channel (Europe & Australia)
Classful and Classless Protocols
Classful - summarizes routing info by major network numbers; ex. RIP, IGRP
Classless - BGP, OSPF
Administrative Distances for IP Routes
Administrative Distances are configured using ip route command:
Example: ip route 154.4.55.0 255.255.255.0 195.23.55.1 85 (where 85 is the administrative distance)
Administrative Distances are configured using ip route command:
Example: ip route 154.4.55.0 255.255.255.0 195.23.55.1 85 (where 85 is the administrative distance)
| IP Route | Administrative Distance |
| Directly connected interface | 0 |
| Static route using connected interface | 0 |
| Static route using IP address | 1 |
| EIGRP summary route | 5 |
| External BGP route | 20 |
| Internal EIGRP route | 90 |
| IGRP route | 100 |
| OSPF route | 110 |
| IS-IS route | 115 |
| RIP route | 120 |
| EGP route | 140 |
| External EIGRP route | 170 |
| Internal BGP route | 200 |
| Route of unknown origin | 255 |
Switching Terminology
Store-and-Forward ? copies entire frame into buffer, checks for CRC errors before forwarding. Higher latency.
Cut-Through ? reads only the destination address into buffer, and forwards immediately; Low latency; "wire-speed"
Fragment free ? modified form of cut-through; switch will read into the first 64 bytes before forwarding the frame. Collisions will usually occur within the first 64 bytes. (default for 1900 series).
Access Lists
| 1-99 | IP Standard Access List |
|---|---|
| 100-199 | IP Extended Access List |
| 200-299 | Protocol Type-code Access List |
| 300-399 | DECnet Access List |
| 600-699 | Appletalk Access List |
| 700-799 | 48-bit MAC Address Access List |
| 800-899 | IPX Standard Access List |
| 900-999 | IPX Extended Access List |
| 1000-1099 | IPX SAP Access List |
| 1100-1199 | Extended 48-bit MAC Address Access List |
| 1200-1299 | IPX Summary Address Access List |
| Access List | Filters | Wildcard Masks | Additional Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard IP | Source IP address field in the packet's IP header | To put simply, when the IP is broken down to binary, the 1's allow everything and the 0's must match exactly. | Wildcard mask examples: 0.0.0.0=entire address must match. 0.255.255.255=only the first octet must match, the rest will allow everything. 255.255.255.255=allow everything |
| Extended IP | Source IP or Destination IP, or TCP or UDP Source or Destination Ports, or Protocol | Same as standard | The key word ANY implies any IP value is allowed, the keyword HOST implies the IP exactly has to match |
| Standard IPX | Packets sent by clients and servers, and SAP updates sent by servers and routers | Configured as a hexadecimal number instead of binary | -1 means any and all network numbers ( works like ANY) |
| Extended IPX | Source Network or Node, or Destination Network or Node, or IPX Protocol, or IPX Socket, or SAP | Match multiple networks with one statement, again in hexadecimal | The most practical use of the protocol type is for NetBIOS |
| SAP | Sent and received SAP traffic | N/A | Updates its own SAP tables. Again uses -1 to mean "ANY" |
Troubleshooting Tools:
Ping Results
| ! | success |
| , | timeout |
| U | destination unreachable |
| ? | unknown packet type |
| & | TTL exceeded |
| !H | router rec'd, but didn't forward because of access-list |
| P | protocol unreachable |
| N | network unreachable |
| U | port unreachable |
| , | timeout |
Accessing Router with Terminal Emulation
Using HyperTerminal on a Windows machine adjust the following settings:
VT100 Emulation
Connection Speed: 9600 Baud
Data Bits: 8
Parity: None
Stop Bits: 1
Flow Control: None
On a Linux machine you may use Seyon or Minicom (at least one should come with your distribution).
Router Startup Sequence
POST
Bootstrap program loaded from ROM
IOS is loaded from either flash (default), TFTP, or ROM
IOS image loaded into low-addressed memory; hardware and software is determined
Config file is load from NVRAM; if no configuration exists in NVRAM, the initial configuration dialog will begin
Miscellaneous Notes
Multiple Loop Problems ? complex topology can cause multiple loops to occur. Layer 2 has no mechanism to stop the loop. This is the main reason for Spanning ? Tree Protocol.
Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) IEEE 802.1d. ? developed to prevent routing loops; uses STA (Spanning-Tree Algorithm) to calculate a loop-free network topology; allows redundant paths without suffering the effects of loops in the network
Virtual LAN?s (VLAN's) ? sets different ports on a switch to be part of different sub-networks. Some benefits: simplify moves, adds, changes; reduce administrative costs; have better control of broadcasts; tighten security; and distribute load. Relocate the server into a secured location.
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) - Link layer protocol for Serial links. Cisco Default. Supports the following modes: Normal Response Mode ? as per Secondary under SDLC; Asynchronous Response Mode allows secondary to communicate without permission; Asynchronous Balanced mode combines the two stations. Has lower overhead than LAPB but less error checking.
Modular Switch/VIP Syntax
type slot/port (example: e 2/1)
type slot/port-adapter/port (example: e 2/0/1)
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