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09:19

 

Linux Basic Commands

Linux operating system has a beautiful graphical interface which most of us will be using. It will be good to learn the basic commands in Linux to work interactively with the Linux operating system. Linux has a back end access know as shell. You can control and activate all the process in Linux from the shell. So it is very important to learn few basic commands to work with Linux operating system.

 First we will learn how to login for shell access. There are 7 terminals for Linux. 6 terminals are non - GUI and 1 terminal for GUI access. You can login to each terminal using Alt + Ctrl + F1 , F2, .. F7. Each terminals will request your username and password for login. If you want to use the shell in the graphical interface (GUI), press Alt + F2 and type "konsole". As a user you will have permission to access only your /home/user directory and other directories in it.

 *Note: user denotes the username.

Navigation Commands - [ pwd, cd ]
pwd
 This command is used to find the current location or current working directory.

 Eg:
 [user@ws26 ~]$ pwd
 /home/user

 cd
 This command id used to change the directory. You can move from one directory to another using this command. Few examples are given below.

 Concider you have a directory structure /home/user/test/test1/ . test and test1 are directories in user home.

 Example 1:
 Consider you have a directory "test" in /home/user. Your current working directory is /home/user. You want to change your current working directory from /home/user to /home/user/test, use the following command
 [user@ws26 ~]$ pwd
 /home/user
 [user@ws26 ~]$ cd test
 [user@ws26 ~]$ pwd
 /home/user/test

 Example 2:
 If you want to move back to /home/user, use the following command
 [user@ws26 ~]$ cd ..
 [user@ws26 ~]$ pwd
 /home/user

 Example 3:
 To get back to the home directory of the user
 [user@ws26 ~]$ cd ~
 [user@ws26 ~]$ pwd
 /home/user.

Listing contents in a directory - [ ls, ls -l, ll ]
ls
 This command is used to list all the files and directory in the current directory.

 Eg:
 [user@ws26 ~]$ ls
 1152696870.jpg book OperaDownloads snapshot52.png
 image300.jpg Desktop test spiderman2.jpg

 ls -l or ll
 This command is also used to list all the files and directories. Here you will get more details about the files and directories present in the current directory. You will see the permission set, creation date, file / directory size etc.

 Eg:
 [user@ws26 ~]$ ls -l
 total 5
 -rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 33188 Dec 22 02:56 1152696870.jpg
 -rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 17647 Aug 19 2006 534458.gif
 -rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 26817 Aug 19 2006 534477.gif
 drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Jan 13 04:20 book
 drwx------ 3 user user 4096 Feb 4 02:34 Desktop

 

Reading files in Linux - [ cat, more, less ]
Cat
 This command is used to display the contents of a file. You can read the file contents using the cat command.

 Example:
 [user@ws26 ~]$ cat testfile
 this is a test file.. You can read me..


 Less and More
 Both the less and more commands serve similar function. They are used to display file one screen at a time. You can press spacebar to continue reading the file. These commands are mainly used while reading large files.

 Example 1:
 [user@ws26 ~]$ less testfile
 this is a test file.. You can read me..

 Example 2:
 [user@ws26 ~]$ more testfile
 this is a test file.. You can read me..

 

Manipulating files - [ cp, mv, rm, mkdir ]
cp
 This command is used to copy files/directory.

 Example:
 [user@ws26 ~]$ cp file1 directory1
 This will copy the file1 into the directory1

 cp -R
 This command is used to copy directories recursively (copy all the files and folders inside the directory).

 Example:
 [user@ws26 ~]$ cp directory2 directory1
 This will copy the whole directory2 into directory1

 mv
 This command is used to move the file or directory.

 Example:
 [user@ws26 ~]$ mv directory2 directory1
 This will move the whole directory2 into directory1

 rm
 This command is used to remove or delete files and directories.

 Example:
 [user@ws26 ~]$ rm directory2
 This will delete the directory - directory2

 mkdir
 This command is used to create a new directory

 Example:
 [user@ws26 ~]$ mkdir directory3
 This will create a new directory - directory3.

 

Create new file in Linux - vi editor
The Vi editor is mainly used to create new files in Linux. Example:
vi testfile
The command will open a new window and you can insert text to it. To begin press "i". After adding your contect press ":wq" to save the file.

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09:16

 

Linux Operating System

Linux is a free open-source operating system based on Unix. Linux was originally created by Linus Torvalds with the assistance of developers from around the globe. Linux is free to download, edit and distribute. Linux is a very powerful operating system and it is gradually becoming popular throughout the world.

 

Advantages of Linux

Low cost:
There is no need to spend time and huge amount money to obtain licenses since Linux and much of it’s software come with the GNU General Public License. There is no need to worry about any software's that you use in Linux.
Stability:
Linux has high stability compared with other operating systems. There is no need to reboot the Linux system to maintain performance levels. Rarely it freeze up or slow down. It has a continuous up-times of hundreds of days or more.
Performance:
Linux provides high performance on various networks. It has the ability to handle large numbers of users simultaneously.
Networking:
Linux provides a strong support for network functionality; client and server systems can be easily set up on any computer running Linux. It can perform tasks like network backup more faster than other operating systems.
Flexibility:
Linux is very flexible. Linux can be used for high performance server applications, desktop applications, and embedded systems. You can install only the needed components for a particular use. You can also restrict the use of specific computers.
Compatibility:
It runs all common Unix software packages and can process all common file formats.
Wider Choice:
There is a large number of Linux distributions which gives you a wider choice. Each organization develop and support different distribution. You can pick the one you like best; the core function's are the same.
Fast and easy installation:
Linux distributions come with user-friendly installation.
Better use of hard disk:
Linux uses its resources well enough even when the hard disk is almost full.
Multitasking:
Linux is a multitasking operating system. It can handle many things at the same time.
Security:
Linux is one of the most secure operating systems. File ownership and permissions make linux more secure.
Open source:
Linux is an Open source operating systems. You can easily get the source code for linux and edit it to develop your personal operating system.
Today, Linux is widely used for both basic home and office uses. It is the main operating system used for high performance business and in web servers. Linux has made a high impact in this world.
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04:24
Installing Linux operating system is very easy. You can install it either from CD/DVD , USB Sticks, Network or using ISO images. Here we are using Compact Disc to install the operating system on your machine. First enable the Boot from Compact Disc option in your BIOS Setting and it is must.There are numerous linux distributions are available, here we are using Redhat Enterprise Linux. It contains 5 CDs.
Insert the CD-1 and let it booting
Booting Redhat Linux Operating System
Linux booting process
Linux Booting Process
Welcome to Redhat Enterprise Linux
Redhat Enterprise Linux Screen
Click Next to continue the installation


Select the language, by default English USA


Language
Select the appropriate keyboard for the system (normally all are using US English ). Click Next to continue.
Select your time zone from the list. Click Next to continue.
 
 
 

Time Zone
Set the root user ( super user ) password.
 



This operation will override any previous installation choices about which drives to ignore. Click yes to first time install the operating system and it will erasing all data

For Beginners, automatic partitioning is recommended and click Next to proceed
Automatic Partition
The GRUB boot loader wil be installed on /dev/sda. Click Next to continue[ad#Amazon mini 4]
GRUB Bootloader


You may set the IP address on your on host. Let it be automatically via DHCP first. You may configure the IP address later. Click Next to continue
IP Address Configuration



Enable HTTP check box in the firewall settings ( if you want enable it else leave it )
The default installation environment includes recommended package selection

The settings are all over and click Next to fire up the installation .
Start the installation
Linux is format the drive and installing the fresh operating system

Take out CD-1 from the tray and insert the CD-2 to install

Installation of CD-2 is over and take out CD-2 from the tray and insert the CD-3 to install.

Do the same process for the remaining CDs too and the video hardware can be automatically detected. Click next to continue.

Your Monitor can be automatically detected.

If need fix the color depth and the resolution of the screen and select the type of login you can choose either graphical mode or text mode.


Congratulations you have been installed the Linux Operating system successfully. Remove the CD from the tray and click exit. The System will reboot now.

After rebooting the system, Linux operating system welcomes you for the final setup

Read the license agreement carefully and proceed

Set the date and time and click Next button to continue

A sound card has been detected and check the sound by clicking on the play test sound button.

The setup will register your system with an account from redhat network. I you like to register now select yes else skip this with no option


If you have any additional packages to install select the appropriate option and proceed.

The setup is finished now.

Enter the user name and password to login the account.

Enjoy the Redhat Enterprise Linux
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03:13
mkdir - make directories
Usage
mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY
Options
Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.
 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
 -m, mode=MODE  set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
 -p, parents  no error if existing, make parent directories as needed
 -v, verbose  print a message for each created directory
 -help display this help and exit
 -version output version information and exit
cd - change directories
Use cd to change directories. Type cd followed by the name of a directory to access that directory.Keep in mind that you are always in a directory and can navigate to directories hierarchically above or below.
mv- change the name of a directory
Type mv followed by the current name of a directory and the new name of the directory.
 Ex: mv testdir newnamedir
pwd - print working directory
will show you the full path to the directory you are currently in. This is very handy to use, especially when performing some of the other commands on this page
 rmdir - Remove an existing directory
 rm -r
Removes directories and files within the directories recursively.
chown - change file owner and group
Usage
chown [OPTION] OWNER[:[GROUP]] FILE
chown [OPTION] :GROUP FILE
chown [OPTION] --reference=RFILE FILE
Options
Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE.
 -c, changes like verbose but report only when a change is made
 -dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link, rather than the symbolic link itself
 -h, no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can         change the ownership of a symlink)
 -from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP
  change the owner and/or group of each file only if its current owner and/or group match those specified here.  Either  may  be  omitted,  in which case a match is not required for the omitted attribute.
-no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default)
-preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/'
-f, -silent, -quiet  suppress most error messages
-reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than the specifying OWNER:GROUP values
-R, -recursive operate on files and directories recursively
-v, -verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed
The  following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one  takes effect.
-H     if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it
-L     traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered
-P     do not traverse any symbolic links (default)
chmod - change file access permissions
Usage
chmod [-r] permissions filenames
 r  Change the permission on files that are in the subdirectories of the directory that you are currently in.        permission  Specifies the rights that are being granted. Below is the different rights that you can grant in an alpha  numeric format.filenames  File or directory that you are associating the rights with Permissions
u - User who owns the file.
g - Group that owns the file.
o - Other.
a - All.
r - Read the file.
w - Write or edit the file.
x - Execute or run the file as a program.
Numeric Permissions:
CHMOD can also to attributed by using Numeric Permissions:
400 read by owner
040 read by group
004 read by anybody (other)
200 write by owner
020 write by group
002 write by anybody
100 execute by owner
010 execute by group
001 execute by anybody
ls - Short listing of directory contents
-a        list hidden files
-d        list the name of the current directory
-F        show directories with a trailing '/'
            executable files with a trailing '*'
-g        show group ownership of file in long listing
-i        print the inode number of each file
-l        long listing giving details about files  and directories
-R        list all subdirectories encountered
-t        sort by time modified instead of name
cp - Copy files
cp  myfile yourfile
Copy the files "myfile" to the file "yourfile" in the current working directory. This command will create the file "yourfile" if it doesn't exist. It will normally overwrite it without warning if it exists.
cp -i myfile yourfile
With the "-i" option, if the file "yourfile" exists, you will be prompted before it is overwritten.
cp -i /data/myfile
Copy the file "/data/myfile" to the current working directory and name it "myfile". Prompt before overwriting the  file.
cp -dpr srcdir destdir
Copy all files from the directory "srcdir" to the directory "destdir" preserving links (-poption), file attributes (-p option), and copy recursively (-r option). With these options, a directory and all it contents can be copied to another dir
ln - Creates a symbolic link to a file.
ln -s test symlink
Creates a symbolic link named symlink that points to the file test Typing "ls -i test symlink" will show the two files are different with different inodes. Typing "ls -l test symlink" will show that symlink points to the file test.
locate - A fast database driven file locator.
slocate -u
This command builds the slocate database. It will take several minutes to complete this command.This command must be used before searching for files, however cron runs this command periodically  on most systems.locate whereis Lists all files whose names contain the string "whereis". directory.
more - Allows file contents or piped output to be sent to the screen one page at a time
less - Opposite of the more command
cat - Sends file contents to standard output. This is a way to list the contents of short files to the screen. It works well with piping.
whereis - Report all known instances of a command
wc - Print byte, word, and line counts
bg
bg jobs Places the current job (or, by using the alternative form, the specified jobs) in the background, suspending its execution so that a new user prompt appears immediately. Use the jobs command to discover the identities of background jobs.
cal month year - Prints a calendar for the specified month of the specified year.
cat files - Prints the contents of the specified files.
clear - Clears the terminal screen.
cmp file1 file2 - Compares two files, reporting all discrepancies. Similar to the diff command, though the output format differs.
diff file1 file2 - Compares two files, reporting all discrepancies. Similar to the cmp command, though the output format differs.
dmesg - Prints the messages resulting from the most recent system boot.
fg
fg jobs - Brings the current job (or the specified jobs) to the foreground.
file files - Determines and prints a description of the type of each specified file.
find path -name pattern -print
Searches the specified path for files with names matching the specified pattern (usually enclosed in single quotes) and prints their names. The find command has many other arguments and functions; see the online documentation.
finger users - Prints descriptions of the specified users.
free  - Displays the amount of used and free system memory.
ftp hostname
Opens an FTP connection to the specified host, allowing files to be transferred. The FTP program provides subcommands for accomplishing file transfers; see the online documentation.
head files - Prints the first several lines of each specified file.
ispell files - Checks the spelling of the contents of the specified files.
kill process_ids
kill - signal process_ids
kill -l
Kills the specified processes, sends the specified processes the specified signal (given as a number or name), or prints a list of available signals.
killall program
killall - signal program
Kills all processes that are instances of the specified program or sends the specified signal to all processes that are instances of the specified program.
mail - Launches a simple mail client that permits sending and receiving email messages.
man title
man section title - Prints the specified man page.
ping host - Sends an echo request via TCP/IP to the specified host. A response confirms that the host is operational.
reboot - Reboots the system (requires root privileges).
shutdown minutes
shutdown -r minutes
Shuts down the system after the specified number of minutes elapses (requires root privileges). The -r option causes the system to be rebooted once it has shut down.
sleep time - Causes the command interpreter to pause for the specified number of seconds.
sort files - Sorts the specified files. The command has many useful arguments; see the online documentation.
split file - Splits a file into several smaller files. The command has many arguments; see the online documentation
sync - Completes all pending input/output operations (requires root privileges).
telnet host - Opens a login session on the specified host.
top - Prints a display of system processes that's continually updated until the user presses the q key.
traceroute host - Uses echo requests to determine and print a network path to the host.
uptime - Prints the system uptime.
w - Prints the current system users.
wall - Prints a message to each user except those who've disabled message reception. Type Ctrl-D to end the message
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10:24
When Microsoft created Exchange Server 2007, they made some major architectural changes from the previous versions. One of the most basic, but important of these changes was the introduction of server roles. The idea of server roles existed in a limited capacity in the previous version of Exchange, but was greatly expanded in Exchange 2007.
One of the new server roles that was introduced in Exchange 2007 was that of an edge transport server. In case you are not familiar with an edge transport server, it is a specialized server, running a hardened version of Exchange, that sits between your Exchange organization and the Internet. All inbound mail passes through the edge transport server, where unwanted messages are disposed of. The legitimate messages are then sent on to your Exchange Server organization.
In this article series, I am going to show you how to set up an edge transport server from scratch. This first article will walk you through the setup and configuration process. The second article in the series will show you how to configure the edge transport server s filtering capabilities.

Before I Begin

Before I get started, I wanted to warn you that an edge transport server is designed to sit at your network s perimeter. As such, it needs to be far more secure than servers residing on your private network. It is therefore critically important that when you install Windows onto your edge transport server, you do not configure the server to be a domain member.

Beginning the Installation Process

There is a lot more to setting up an edge transport server than just inserting a CD and running Setup. Even so, that s how you will have to begin the process, just to see where you stand. When you run Setup, you will see a screen that s similar to the one that s shown in Figure A. At first glance, this looks like a typical splash screen, but take a closer look at the Install section. Notice that steps 1, 4, and 5 are listed, while steps 2 and 3 are grayed out. When a step is grayed out, it means that the particular step has already been performed. For example, in this particular case, Microsoft Management Console, version 3 and Windows PowerShell are already installed.

Figure A

The splash screen tells you which components you must install.
I won t bore you with the step by step details for installing the various prerequisites, but I do want to take a moment and tell you what you need to do to prepare the server for Exchange Server, and where you can get the required components. There are actually quite a few more required components than the ones that are listed on the splash screen. If you don t install all of the prerequisites up front, then Setup will fail a readiness check that takes place half way through the Setup process, as shown in Figure B.

Figure B

Exchange requires some additional components that are not listed on the splash screen.
There are six required components that you must install prior to installing Exchange. There are also other components that aren t technically required, but that you will probably want to install anyway. An example of such a component is the latest service pack for Windows Server. My advice is to install the latest service pack for Windows Server, and to then install the six components that are listed below. Once those components are in place, run Windows Update, install Exchange Server, and run Windows Update again.
The required components are:
Component
 Download Location
Microsoft .NET Framework, version 2.0
 http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=b44a0000-acf8-4fa1-affb-40e78d788b00&displaylang=en
Microsoft Management Console version 3.0
 http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=B65B9B17-5C6D-427C-90AA-7F814E48373B&displaylang=en
Windows PowerShell
 http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=8913EEC8-B8AD-4889-AD85-A113F13441C5&displaylang=en
Hotfix for version 2.0 of the .NET Framework
 http://support.microsoft.com/kb/926776
IRow-GetColumns hotfix for Windows
 http://support.microsoft.com/kb/918980
Update for Windows Server x64 Edition (KB898060)
 http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=BAAFE288-9BC5-479B-88E5-EB7E06EAD443&displaylang=en
Once these components are in place, there is one more task that you need to perform prior to installing Exchange Server. You must install Active Directory Application Mode (ADAM). In case you aren t familiar with ADAM, it is a database that is designed to closely mimic the Active Directory database.
As I m sure you probably already know, Exchange 2007 is completely dependent on the Active Directory, and edge transport servers are no different. The problem is that because of their position at the edge of the corporate network, edge transport servers need to be far more secure than other servers in your organization.
Making an edge transport server a domain controller, or even making it a domain member so that it could access the Active Directory would be a huge security risk. Rather than expose the edge transport server to these types of risks, Microsoft designed the edge transport server so that it is not even a domain member. Instead, a process called an edge synchronization copies a minimal amount of information from the Active Directory to the ADAM partition that resides locally on the edge transport server.
I will talk a lot more about the edge synchronization process later on. For now though, you need to install ADAM onto your edge transport server. You can download ADAM from Microsoft's Web site.

Installing Exchange Server

Now that the various prerequisites are in place, it s time to install Exchange Server. The installation process is fairly simple, but a custom installation is required, so I want to walk you through it.
When you click the Install Exchange link, shown in Figure A, you will be taken to the introductory screen that s shown in Figure C. Click Next to bypass this screen, and Setup will display the license agreement, shown in Figure D.

Figure C

Click Next to bypass the introductory screen.

Figure D

Click Next after accepting the license agreement.
Choose the option to accept the license agreement, and click Next. When you do, you will be taken to the screen that s shown in Figure E. This screen asks you if you want to enable error reporting. If you enable error reporting, then Exchange will automatically send error reports to Microsoft without prompting you. Some people like enabling error reporting, while others consider it to be too intrusive. It s really up to you as to whether or not you decide to enable error reporting. Just make your decision, and click Next.

Figure E

You must decide whether or not you want to enable error reporting.
At this point, you will be taken to the screen that s shown in Figure F. This screen asks you if you want to perform a typical Exchange Server installation or a custom installation. Since you are setting up an edge transport server, you absolutely must choose the Custom Exchange Server installation.

Figure F

You must perform a custom Exchange Server installation.
Click Next, and Setup will take you to the screen that s shown in Figure G. As you can see in the figure, this screen allows you to choose the Exchange Server roles that you want to install. Keep in mind that the Edge Transport Server role is exclusive, meaning that it cannot be combined with any other Exchange Server roles. When you choose the Edge Transport Server Role, all of the other options are grayed out, but the Management Tools option is selected by default, as shown in the figure.

Figure G

You must choose the Edge Transport Server role, and nothing else.
When you click Next, Setup will perform the prerequisite check that I showed you earlier. In case you are wondering, the reason why Setup waits until this stage in the process to perform the check is because different roles have different prerequisites. Assuming that you have performed the necessary prep work, the readiness check should be completed successfully.

Figure H

Setup performs a readiness check to make sure that the prerequisites have been met.
Now, just click the Install button, and Setup will begin copying the necessary files, as shown in Figure I. When the file copy process completes, click Finish, and Setup will close,  but Windows will open the Exchange Management Console.

Figure I

Click Install, and Setup will begin copying the necessary files.

Figure J

The version of the Exchange Management Console that is used with edge transport servers differs considerably from the version used for managing other types of Exchange servers.
If you look at Figure J, you can see that the management console used by edge transport servers differs considerably from the version that is used for managing Exchange 2007 servers that are hosting other roles. This is because edge transport servers are hardened against attack, and therefore many of the features that are standard on other Exchange servers have been removed.

Performing an Edge Synchronization

So far we have installed Exchange 2007 in a way that will allow it to perform the edge transport server role. The problem is that right now, the server is completely isolated. It is not a member of an Active Directory domain, nor is it aware of the existence of your Exchange Server organization. We need to configure Exchange in a way that will allow communications between the edge transport server and the rest of the Exchange Server organization without actually making the edge transport server a part of the organization.
To do this, we must create an edge synchronization. An edge synchronization is essentially a one way trust relationship. The edge transport server trusts the Active Directory, but the Active Directory does not trust the edge transport server.
Creating an edge synchronization involves creating an XML file that contains pertinent information about the edge transport server. This information is then imported into the Active Directory, to make the Active Directory aware of the edge server s existence.
Before I show you how to perform the edge subscription, I need to warn you about a couple of things. First, creating an edge synchronization overwrites anything that you have manually configured on the edge transport server. Specifically, the following objects and types of information are overwritten:
          Accepted Domains
          Message Classifications
          Remote Domains
          Send Connectors
          The Server s InternalSMTPServers list of TransportConfig Objects
Once you implement the edge synchronization, Exchange will also configure itself so that you can t use the Exchange Management Shell to configure any of these types of objects on the edge transport server. This is a security precaution designed to prevent scripting attacks. You will still be able to manage the server through the Exchange Management Console though.
With that said, let s create the edge subscription. To do so, we need to begin by creating an XML file that can be used for the subscription process. To do so, open the Exchange Management Shell, and enter the following command:
New-EdgeSubscription  file  C:\subscription.xml 
When you enter this command, Exchange will display the warning message shown in Figure K. Press Y, and Exchange will create the edge subscription file (named subscription.xml) and place it in the server s root directory.

Figure K

The edge server displays this rather ominous warning.
Now, copy the XML file that you just created to removable media, and delete the file from the edge server. Deleting the file is extremely important for security reasons. Finally, insert the removable media into your hub transport server, so that you can create the edge subscription.
You can complete the process by opening the Exchange Management Console and navigating through the console tree to Organization Configuration | Hub Transport. Now, click on the New Edge Subscription link, found in the Actions pane. When you do, Exchange will launch the New Edge Subscription Wizard. As you can see in Figure L, the wizard prompts you for the name and path of the subscription file that you created earlier. Once you supply this information, verify that the Automatically Create a Send Connector for this Edge Subscription check box is selected, and then click the New button.
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10:11
Step 1:  Install the Edge Transport server
Installing an Edge Transport server in an Exchange Server 2007 environment is pretty straightforward:
  1. Insert your Exchange Server 2007 installation CD. The Windows Autoplay feature should execute the Setup.exe file. When the Exchange Server 2007 splash screen appears, click Step 4: Install Microsoft Exchange to launch the Setup wizard.
  2. Click Next to bypass the Setup wizard's Welcome screen.
  3. Accept the End User License Agreement and click Next.
  4. Setup will ask you if you would like to enable error reporting. Error reporting will automatically send information regarding server errors to Microsoft. Decide whether or not you want to enable error reporting and then click Next.
  5. The Edge Transport Server role is only available through a custom installation, so choose the Custom Exchange Server Installation option and click Next.
  6. You should now see a screen asking you which Exchange Server roles you want to deploy. Deselect all the roles, and then select the Edge Transport Role checkbox. Before moving on, pay attention to the disk space requirements displayed on this screen. The Edge Transport Role only requires 724 MB of disk space, but it's still a good idea to make sure that your server has sufficient disk space. If necessary, this screen gives you the option of changing the installation path.
  7. Click Next and Setup will perform a quick readiness check.
  8. Assuming that there are no readiness issues, click the Install button and Setup will begin copying all of the necessary files.
  9. When the installation process completes, click Finish
Step 2: How to set up an Edge Subscription
  1. Open the Exchange Management Shell on the Edge Transport server, and enter this command:
    New-EdgeSubscription –file "C:subscription.xml"
  2. At this point, Exchange will display a rather ominous warning message. This warning just tells you about all of the types of objects that will be overwritten or deleted during the subscription process. When the warning asks you if you want to continue, press Y and the command will go to work.
  3. When you execute this command, Exchange Server will create an XML file named subscription.xml, which it will place in the root directory on the Edge Transport server's C: drive. The command also creates an ADAM account. This account is used for the purpose of securing the configuration data as it's replicated from Active Directory. Now we need to import the subscription.xml file into the Hub Transport server in order to create the Edge Subscription.
  4. Copy the XML file to a location where it will be accessible to the machine that you are going to be using to set up the Edge Subscription. My personal recommendation is to copy the file to a USB thumb drive and then erase it from the Edge Transport server (for security reasons).
  5. Once the file has been copied to an accessible location, log in to your Hub Transport server using an account that is both a local administrator and a member of the Exchange Organization Administrator's group.
  6. Open the Exchange Management Console and navigate through the console tree to Organization Configuration -> Hub Transport.
  7. Select the Edge Subscription tab and then click the New Edge Subscription link found in the Actions pane. The New Edge Subscription dialog box asks you which Active Directory site the Edge Transport server should become a part of. If your organization consists only of a single site, then there is no grand decision involved. If you have multiple sites though, then you should make the Edge Transport server a member of the site that has the fastest (or most reliable) network connectivity to the perimeter network.
  8. After you choose the Active Directory site in which the Edge Transport server should be included, it's time to import the XML file that you created earlier.
  9. Use the Browse button to browse for and select the subscription.xml file.
  10. Verify that the Automatically Create A Send Connector for this Edge Subscription checkbox is selected, then click the New button to import the XML file and create the Edge Subscription. (A send connector is used any time that messages are sent to the Internet through the Edge Transport server.)
The process of creating an Edge Subscription is kind of anticlimactic, but there is actually quite a bit going on behind the scenes. Specifically, Exchange Server creates a secure, authenticated communications channel between the Hub Transport server and the Edge Transport server. Once data can be transmitted securely, Exchange Server begins replicating data from Active Directory to the Edge Transport server's ADAM partition.
Step 3:Replicate Active Directory data to the Edge Transport server
The Edge Transport server does not receive a complete copy of Active Directory for security reasons, but there is still quite a bit of information that gets replicated, including:
  • The safe senders list
  • The Remote Domains list
  • The Accepted Domains list
  • Recipient data including email address, contacts, distribution lists, etc.
After the initial replication completes, it is up to Exchange Server to keep the information in the ADAM partition up to date. Remember that the Edge Transport server is not a domain controller. This means that the ADAM partition is not updated through the normal Active Directory replication process.
Instead, Exchange Server keeps the ADAM partition synchronized with Active Directory. The EdgeSync synchronization does not occur nearly as quickly as true Active Directory replication though. Exchange Server synchronizes changes to configuration-related data hourly; it synchronizes changes to recipient data once every four hours.
Of course, there may be situations in which waiting four hours for a directory synchronization to occur is simply impractical. Fortunately, there is a way to force a manual EdgeSync synchronization. Just open the Exchange Management Shell and enter this command:
Start-EdgeSynchronization
Now that you have created an Edge Subscription, you must wait for the initial synchronization to complete. The amount of time it will take varies depending on the size of your Active Directory and the size of your Exchange Server organization. If possible, recommend just letting the synchronization run overnight.
Step 4:Verify communication between the Edge Transport server and Hub Transport server
The next step is to verify that the Edge Transport server has received the necessary information from the Hub Transport server. Since a full directory comparison would be unfeasible, there are a couple of specific things you can spot check to verify that the Edge Transport server is working correctly:
  1. First, go to the Edge Transport server and open the Exchange Management Console to verify that the send connector was created successfully. The only primary containers you should see in the console tree should be the Edge Transport container and the Toolbox container.
  2. To make sure that the send connector was created successfully, select the Edge Transport container. The lower half of the details pane will display a series of tabs. Select the Send Connectors tab and verify that a send connector is present and enabled.
If your organization only contains a single Active Directory site, the send connector should look like this: 
edgesync – default-first-site-name to Internet 
 Enablededgesync – Inbound to Default-First-Site-Name       Enabled
As you can see, the send connector actually consists of two different components: an inbound connector and an outbound connector. Both of these connectors should be created automatically.
If for some reason the send connector doesn't exist, you can use the New Send Connector option found on the Actions pane to manually create one (there is also an option to enable the send connector if it is disabled for some reason).
Before you create a send connector though, make sure that the Accepted Domains list has been replicated to the Edge Transport server. If the Accepted Domains list has been synchronized, but there is no send connector, you may have simply forgotten to select the checkbox to automatically create it when you set up the Edge Subscription.
If the send connector is missing and the Accepted Domains list has not been synchronized though, there is clearly some sort of problem occurring.
To check the Accepted Domains list, go to the Hub Transport server, open the Exchange Management Shell, and enter this command:
Get-AcceptedDomain
Exchange Server should return a list of the accepted domains
Now that you have a list of the accepted domains in hand, go to your Edge Transport server, open the Exchange Management Shell and issue the Get-AcceptedDomain command.
The Edge Transport server should produce a list of accepted domains. All you have to do now is to verify that the two lists match each other. If the Edge Transport server contains a partial list of accepted domains, then synchronization is most likely working, but probably has not completed yet.
If you have given synchronization time to complete, but the Accepted Domains list is empty, then there is probably some sort of communications problem between the Edge Transport server and the Hub Transport server.
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